Experimental studies and economic importance are also covered in detail. Pinus mugo for most other pine species, the male cone are more likely on the lower branches and female cone on the upper branches to help ensure cross pollination. Nuclear dna amounts in pteridophytes oxford academic journals. Plant terminology can be quite confusing, especially with words like gymnosperms and pteridophytes. The empirical basis of botanical systematics has been broadened far beyond the realm of macromorphological traits on which systematists have based. Pteridophytes are seedless and they procreate through spores.
Instead, the water and minerals flow from the surface of the plant cell to cell in the plants body. Phylogenetic relationships among ferns and gymnosperms. Gymnosperms, also called acrogymnospermae 1, are a group of seedbearing plants spermatophytes with ovules on the edge or blade of an open sporophyll or ovuliferous scale fig. Therefore pteridophytes are also called vascular cryptogams. Jan 23, 2017 introduction and definition the pteridophytes gk. Gymnosperms came from the greek root gymnos or naked with spermaor seed. Pdf reprint from the families and genera of vascular. Botany pteridophytes class notes for students and teachers of life science biological science. The present book is an attempt to include important aspects of living extant and fossil extinct gymnosperms. In pteridophytes, ambium is absent, in pteridophytes and the primary growth is seen in most of the pteridophytes. Ornamental plants trees, landscaping food pine nuts pesto, etc. Though gymnosperms evolved from pteridophytes, they are quite different from each other. Difference between pteridophytes and gymnosperms major. The pteridophytes are found in cool, damp, shady places though some may flourish well in sandy soil conditions.
Gymnosperms belong to kingdom plantae and subkingdom embryophyta. Pdf phylogenetic relationships among ferns and gymnosperms. The kingdom plantae is one of the most widespread kingdoms with over 300,000 different species. Gymnosperms propagate via wind pollination the adult plant body is a sporophyte. The evolution of the species under the plant kingdom is based on their adaptability to terrestrial. As will be discussed in subsequent sections, the various environmental adaptations gymnosperms have represent a step on the path to the most successful diversitywise clade monophyletic branch. Seeds, pollen, and wood the origin of seeds, pollen, and wood seeds and pollen are key reproductive innovations for life on land seed plants have distinctive vegetative features relationships among gymnosperms the mesozoic. In fact, even comparisons between wellknown conifer groups are challenging. After syngamy joining of the sperm and egg cell, the zygote develops into an embryo young sporophyte. Pteridophytes may be homosporous or heterospoers, while all gymnosperms are heterosporous. Pdf how largescale patterns of species diversity emerge is a central yet controversial issue in ecology and biogeography. Difference between bryophytes pteridophytes and gymnosperms.
The origin of gymnosperms and the seed habit jstor. Lab 16oct08 page 1 page 2 morphological terminology for lower plants 2 gymnosperms these sketches also demonstrate good technique not just in the way in which the students captured the likeness of the plant but also in the large size of the original sketches half to full page, for the most part and the way in which many structures are labeled nb corrections added where necessary. The four lineages of gymnosperms each have a unique set of cone characteristics, and comparisons with the naked eye are extremely difficult. Plants are eukaryotic, multicellular, autotrophic organisms that are capable of photosynthesizing.
Classification of pteridophytes for a long time the division pteridophyta includedthe ferns, lycopods and horsetails. The first volume deals with pteridophytes and gymnosperms. Pteridophytes, also known as vascular cryptogams and ferns and fern allies, comprise about 12 000 species of vascular plants that do not produce. Most of the pteridophytes ferns and fernallies show their luxuriant and vigorous growth during the rainy season particularly in the hilly regions usually above 1400 m altitude. It is represented by a perennial, evergreen, woody plant.
The gymnosperms, ferns and their allies have a number of features not shared with the rest of the vascular flora. When fertilized, the female cone enlarges and the scales separate. Are the endexines of pteridophytes, gymnosperms and. A concept based exclusive material pteridophytes, gymnosperms. Gymnosperms economical and ecological values albuerolyka. The modern classification of pteridophytes have been suggested by many scientist according to the sporne1975 pteridophytes have been classified into six classes. Sporophyte is the predominant plant body and is differentiated into root, stem and leaves. Introduction to pteridophytes and gymnosperms springerlink. The ferns are a large group included under pteridophytes.
Herbarium specimens from the university and jepson herbaria at the university of california at berkeley were used when field pictures were not available. It is differentiated into true root, stem and leaves. Gymnosperms are older than angiosperms on the evolutionary scale. Oct 19, 2015 gymnosperms came from the greek root gymnos or naked with spermaor seed.
The gymnosperms, also known as acrogymnospermae, are a group of seed producing plants. Tracheophyles are plants that have liguified tissues conducting water, minerals, and photosynthesis products through the plant. Exploration and documentation of pteridophytes and gymnosperms. Start studying botany plant classification, bryophytes, pteridophytes, and gymnosperms. Small leaves called microphylls are found in some pteridophytes, e. The anatomy and development of the stem in the pteridophyta and. The gymnosperms, also known as acrogymnospermae, are a group of seedproducing plants. The plant body is differentiated into roots, stem and leaves. Choose from 109 different sets of bryophytes, pteridophytes, gymnosperms, angiosperm flashcards on quizlet. The names dont really convey any information about what they both refer to, at least for most people. Have needles instead of leaves, which requires less water for survival and a natural antifreeze. One crucial step in the evolutionary history of all plants was the development of seeds.
Characteristics of gymnosperms gymnosperms produce cones. The sporophytic plant body is by and large arborescent in gymnosperms while it is not so in pteridophytes. No f vascular tissues are present, what are they and what do they transport. Botany plant classification, bryophytes, pteridophytes. In pteridophytes, roots are usually adventitious in nature. Bryophytes are embryophytes that are nonvascular i.
They dont have conducting tissues for transportation of water and minerals. Kramer and others published reprint from the families and. The book gives a detailed account of the life cycles including morphology, physiology, dispersal mechanisms, stages, etc. Male gametophyte development and evolution in extant. Pteridophytes are a group of primitive land plants belongs to the cryptogams. Pdf geographic patterns and environmental determinants. Megaphylls are the large leaves that some pteridophytes have. A new classification and linear sequence of extant gymnosperms pdf. What makes gymnosperms different from bryophytes and pteridophytes. In conifers and gnetophytes, pollen tubes elongate from the nucellus to an archegonium or female gametophyte in. General characteristics of pteridophytes key points. With the commencement of monsoon about mid june, the ferns and fernallies start growing vigourously and luxuriantly. Learn vocabulary, terms, and more with flashcards, games, and other study tools.
Gymnosperms the female cones produce eggs, which are contained in ovules. In addition to seeds and pollen, gymnosperms are characterized by a number of vegetative features, including megaphylls, originally fernlike, but later typically reduced to simple leaves, needles, or scales. Pteridophyta characteristics, life cycle, classification. Learn bryophytes, pteridophytes, gymnosperms, angiosperm with free interactive flashcards. In the pollen tube, the spermatogenous cell has divided by mitosis to form two sperm nuclei. These plants develop on the surface of scales or leaves, or at the end of stalks forming a conelike structure. Pdf most of the 470millionyear history of plants on land belongs to bryophytes, pteridophytes and gymnosperms, which eventually yielded to the. Enter your mobile number or email address below and well send you a link to download the free kindle app.
However, if we look back in time it appears that the fossil record confronts us with forms that blur this clearcut picture, resulting in controversial interpretations of the interrelationships and the phylogeny of major groups of both pteridophytes and gymnosperms. The fossil evidence suggested that they originated. Pdf horsetails and ferns are a monophyletic group and the closest. Bryophytes, pteridophytes, gymnosperms, angiosperm flashcards. Why are gymnosperms important biology the most important gymnosperms are the conifers but even the rare species are valuable for what they can tell us about plant evolution and also as important members of their respective ecosystems, contributing food, shelter and clean air to the animals that live there. In this article we will discuss about the similarities and differences between pteridophytes and gymnosperms. Similarities between pteridophytes and gymnosperms. Stelar evolution in pteridophytes stelar theory with ppt. Branching of the stem is dichotomous in pteridophytes while it is lateral in gymnosperms.
The dominant phase in bryophyte is gametophyte while the dom. Whats the difference between bryophyte and pteridophyte. Female cones have a sticky resin that catches the pollen released by the male cone. A textbook of bryophytes, pteridophytes, gymnosperms and. Substructures like these are illustrated here for pollen exines of poa, betula endexine, and fagus as well. Pteridology, gymnosperms and palaeobotany uttarakhand open. Archegonia only 2 of 6 visible in thin section have formed as part of the. Diversity and origin conifers are by far the most abundant extant group of gymnosperms with six to eight families, with a total of 6570 genera and 600630 species 696 accepted names.
Plant kingdom classification of pteridophytes and gymnosperms. Biology 3b laboratory vascular seed plants gymnosperm. They are the first evolved plant group with vascular tissue system for the conduction of water and food materials. The plant bodies of gymnosperms are typically much larger than the pteridophytes. The gymnosperms have long been recognized as a distinctive group of plants, but for a very long time more than a century there was active debate about whether the principal groups within the gymnosperms share a common ancestor, and if so, whether that common ancestor was shared with the flowering plants, also called angiosperms. Bryophytes, pteridophytes, gymnosperms, angiosperms plant organization the amazing plant race phylum porifera phylum cnidaria phylum platyhelminthes phylum nematoda phylum annelida phylum mollusca phylum arthropoda phylum. The pteridophytes are the spore bearing vascular plants and are distinguished. A read is counted each time someone views a publication summary such as the title, abstract, and list of authors, clicks on a figure, or views or downloads the fulltext. In other words, gymnosperms are naked seeded plants. Significance of gymnosperms ecological importance provide. The empirical basis of botanical systematics has been broadened far beyond the realm of macromorphological traits on which systematists have based their decisions for more than 200 years. The testimony of history and morphology seem to combine in pointing to a. Gymnosperms, as a group, enjoy a unique position in the world flora.
They are psilopsida, psilotopsida, lycopsida, sphenopsida, pteropsida and progymnospermopsida. In pteridophytes, the main plant body is a sporophyte which is differentiated into true root, stem and leaves. The plant body can be divided into a true root, stem, and leaves. Lab 16oct08 page 1 page 2 morphological terminology for lower plants 2 gymnosperms these sketches also demonstrate good technique not just in the way in which the students captured the likeness of the plant but also in the large size of the original sketches half to full page, for the most part and the way in which many structures are labeled nb corrections. Then you can start reading kindle books on your smartphone, tablet, or computer no kindle device required. Bryophytes, pteridophytes, gymnosperms, angiosperms pages. What these two groups are, and the differences between them, will be explained. A textbook of bryophytes, pteridophytes, gymnosperms. Checklists of naturalised pteridophytes, gymnosperms, and dicotyledons list of illustrations plates maps preface acknowledgments conventions abbreviations signs and measures frequently cited books names of authors annals of taxonomic research on indigenous new zealand gymnospermae and. On the basis of their anatomy jeffrey in 1902 divided the vascular plants into two types or stocks. Flora of australia, volume 48, ferns, gymnosperms and allied groups. Most pictures are of living specimens taken in the field. Pdf ferns and gymnosperms are two of the most important traditionally recognized groups of vascular plants, but both are unnatural when. Pteridophytes are found in cool, damp and shady places.
Key difference bryophytes vs pteridophytes vs gymnosperms. There is a regular heteromorphic alternation of generations. The module demonstrates the biological diversity and phylogenetic. The ratio of gymnosperm to angiosperm species diversity is lower in. Some of the species belonging to this division have small leaves called as the microphylls. Pteridophytes general characteristics general characters of pteridophytes the vascular cryptogams pteridophytes are plants with feather like leaves. It encompasses distribution, morphology, anatomy, reproductive biology, seed biology, ultrastructure and histochemical studies. Substructures have the same size and configuration, like wirewound springs, in all parts of the exine of artemisia tectum, bacules, foot layer and the endexine, and similar substructures are also present in all parts of the exospore of lycopodium. Difference between gymnosperms and pteridophytes plants. Bryophyte vs pteridophyte difference and comparison diffen. Bryophytes, pteridophytes, gymnosperms, angiosperms plant organization the amazing plant race phylum porifera phylum cnidaria phylum platyhelminthes phylum nematoda phylum annelida phylum mollusca phylum arthropoda phylum echinodermata phylum chordata conclusion. They are found far earlier in the fossil record than angiosperms. Checklists of naturalised pteridophytes, gymnosperms, and dicotyledons list of illustrations plates maps preface acknowledgments conventions abbreviations signs and measures frequently cited books names of authors annals of taxonomic research on indigenous new zealand gymnospermae and angiospermae 19771986 subject index to annals of taxonomic. A revised classification includes a complete inventory of genera along with their diagnostic features, keys for identification, and references to the literature.
Sumita, assistant professor, department of botany, pggc11, chandigarh. Roots are adventitious in pteridophytes while they arise from the radicle tap root in gymnosperms. All gymnosperms are also heterosporous, meaning that they produce two different kinds of spores, while pteridophytes may be both heterosporous and homosporous. Conifers are woody plants and most are evergreens the leaves of many conifers are long, thin and needlelike with a waxy coating, others species, including most. The fused small bundles again merge with the four bundles of the. Although the ovules are naked at the time of pollination, the seeds of gymnosperms are sometimes enclosed by other sporophyte tissues by the time they are mature. Gymnosperms are the seedproducing plants, but unlike angiosperms, they produce seeds without fruits. Most of the pteridophytes have a preference for cool, moist areas, while gymnosperms generally exhibit xeric characters. Maninder kaur llege for girls sector 11 chandigarh. These organs possess well differentiated vascular tissues. Botany plant classification, bryophytes, pteridophytes, and. Oct 10, 2017 key difference bryophytes vs pteridophytes vs gymnosperms.
1086 58 533 808 785 697 26 401 333 962 495 815 433 297 1026 1343 129 737 116 795 578 1312 216 41 933 594 1456 365 131 80 1259 104 1370 51